Black Holes, Matter and Psi

 Mankind alone amongst the beasts demonstrably examines and actively seeks to understand and quantify his existence. Until he examines the physical, spiritual and mental as an integrated whole, the Question will not be answered.  Until viewed wholistically, any answers can make no sense because the Questions themselves are not understood. -- Craig Berry

 © Craig Berry - 2004,
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© 2002, 2nd edition
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-- GRAVITY HAPPENS, MASSIVELY --
 

Black holes are an amazing yet logical phenomena where a body has accumulated such mass that its gravitational draw begins "eating" anything that falls within its influence.  As the process of accretion continues, the mass increases, allowing even wider influence upon its neighbours; and the cycle goes on.

 At the risk of moving too far ahead, please assume for the moment that matter, the actual stuff of atoms, is a crystalline form of Psi energy.  The "why" will become apparent in a moment.

 A super-massive object aggregates tremendous amounts of Psi (and 'conventional') energy as matter is destroyed in the gravitational crush which must be ‘vented’ off.  This is needed to balance the amount of energy the object is ‘eating’ with its accruing physical mass.   .  This venting will be predictably perpendicular to the ecliptic plane of the observed mass along the path of least resistance. 


Click to go to Space.com

 If the singularity was of sufficient mass, the outpouring of 'raw' Psi energy could even be strong enough to conceivably be observable from its outer event horizon as “proto-matter” and [a more conventional spectrum of] energy streaming perpendicular to the ecliptic of the matter vortex feeding the black hole.   Needless to say, to escape the ‘gravitational effects’ of the singularity in the first place, the energy stream would have to be extremely ‘dynamic’.   It is possible that in this outward Psi stream and any proto-matter or matter in this Psi stream might equal or exceed the accepted speed of light and remain stable.

 If indeed there is matter formed in this +C stream which is slowing to <C, a phase of mass transition will also accompany the deceleration process, leading to a event horizons parallel to the ecliptic of the black hole.  They should form at the level of the phase shift in the mass of the decelerating matter as it goes through an essentially "mass-less" state at the trans-light state and then acquires briefly enormous mass at the sub-light speed threshold.

 There is likely to be a number of mass shifts within these supra-mass event horizons caused by their effects on the Psi flowing into the singularity changing the dynamic of the flow and release cycle rhythmically.  The output will be (probably) regular as the exchanges stabilise into predictable accumulation and discharge cycles.  The output of these masses would in all likelihood be of either a pulse or ‘searchlight’ form, depending on the mass and accretion rate of the singularity in question..

 To say that a Black Hole is able to “bend space itself” would in this case not be an exaggeration, but a simply demonstrated truth.   If you accept for a moment that space is occupied by the Psi Field, or actually is this Psi Field, then a spot in space where a large part of the Psi Field is substantially or potentially even fully absent due to the mass of a super massive celestial body would be theoretically represented as “bent space”.   The primary principle to bear in mind though is that the energy falling into the mass will at some stage be ejected or transformed to form an equilibrium between the energetic and physical potentials of the universe at large.

 

This information below is copied from the NASA site, "Imagine the Universe" which is an excellent reference site for people wanting to learn more about these singularities. 

Please click HERE to source the original web page from which this information has been acquired.

Black Holes

There are many popular myths concerning black holes, many of them perpetuated by Hollywood. Television and movies have portrayed them as time-traveling tunnels to another dimension, cosmic vacuum cleaners sucking up everything in sight, and so on. It can be said that black holes are really just the evolutionary end point of massive stars. But somehow, this simple explanation makes them no easier to understand or less mysterious.

NOTE: This section is about what are called "stellar-mass black holes". For information about black holes with the mass of billions of Suns, see Active Galaxies & Quasars .

 

Black Holes: What Are They?

Black holes are the evolutionary endpoints of stars at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun. If a star that massive or larger undergoes a supernova explosion, it may leave behind a fairly massive burned out stellar remnant. With no outward forces to oppose gravitational forces, the remnant will collapse in on itself. The star eventually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density, creating what is known as a " singularity ". As the density increases, the path of light rays emitted from the star are bent and eventually wrapped irrevocably around the star. Any emitted photons are trapped into an orbit by the intense gravitational field; they will never leave it. Because no light escapes after the star reaches this infinite density, it is called a black hole.

But contrary to popular myth, a black hole is not a cosmic vacuum cleaner. If our Sun was suddenly replaced with a black hole of the same mass, the only thing that would change would be the Earth's temperature. To be "sucked" into a black hole, one has to cross inside the Schwarzschild radius. At this radius, the escape speed is equal to the speed of light, and once light passes through, even it cannot escape.

The Schwarzschild radius can be calculated using the equation for escape speed.
 

vesc = (2GM/R)1/2
 

For photons, or objects with no mass, we can substitute c (the speed of light) for Vesc and find the Schwarzschild radius, R, to be
 

R = 2GM/c2

 

If the sun was replaced with a black hole that had the same mass as the sun, the Schwarzschild radius would be 3 km (compared to the sun's radius of nearly 700,000 km). Hence the Earth would have to get very close to get sucked into a black hole at the center of our solar system.

If We Can't See Them, How Do We Know They're There?

Since black holes are small (only a few to a few tens of kilometers in size), and light that would allow us to see them cannot escape, a black hole floating alone in space would be hard, if not impossible, to see. For instance, the photograph above shows the optical companion star to the (invisible) black hole candidate Cyg X-1.

However, if a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, or is close to another "normal" star, the black hole can accrete matter into itself. As the matter falls or is pulled towards the black hole, it gains kinetic energy, heats up and is squeezed by tidal forces. The heating ionizes the atoms, and when the atoms reach a few million degrees Kelvin, they emit X-rays. The X-rays are sent off into space before the matter crosses the Schwarzschild radius and crashes into the singularity. Thus we can see this X-ray emission.

Binary X-ray sources are also places to find strong black hole candidates. A companion star is a perfect source of infalling material for a black hole. A binary system also allows the calculation of the black hole candidate's mass. Once the mass is found, it can be determined if the candidate is a neutron star or a black hole, since neutron stars always have masses of about 1.5 times the mass of the sun. Another sign of the presence of a black hole is random variation of emitted X-rays. The infalling matter that emits X-rays does not fall into the black hole at a steady rate, but rather more sporadically, which causes an observable variation in X-ray intensity. Additionally, if the X-ray source is in a binary system, the X-rays will be periodically cut off as the source is eclipsed by the companion star. When looking for black hole candidates, all these things are taken into account. Many X-ray satellites have scanned the skies for X-ray sources that might be possible black hole candidates.

Cygnus X-1 is the longest known of the black hole candidates. It is a highly variable and irregular source with X-ray emission that flickers in hundredths of a second. An object cannot flicker faster than the time required for light to travel across the object. In a hundredth of a second, light travels 3000 kilometers. This is one fourth of Earth's diameter! So the region emitting the x-rays around Cygnus X-1 is rather small. Its companion star, HDE 226868 is a B0 supergiant with a surface temperature of about 31,000 K. Spectroscopic observations show that the spectral lines of HDE 226868 shift back and forth with a period of 5.6 days. From the mass-luminosity relation, the mass of this supergiant is calculated as 30 times the mass of the Sun. Cyg X-1 must have a mass of about 7 solar masses or else it would not exert enough gravitational pull to cause the wobble in the spectral lines of HDE 226868. Since 7 solar masses is too large to be a white dwarf or neutron star, it must be a black hole.

 

However, there are arguments against Cyg X-1 being a black hole. HDE 2268686 might be undermassive for its spectral type, which would make Cyg X-1 less massive than previously calculated. In addition, uncertainties in the distance to the binary system would also influence mass calculations. All of these uncertainties can make a case for Cyg X-1 having only 3 solar masses, thus allowing for the possibility that it is a neutron star.

Nonetheless, there are now about 10 binaries for which the evidence for a black hole is much stronger than in Cygnus X-1. The first of these, an X-ray transient called A0620-00, was discovered in 1975, and the mass of the compact object was determined in the mid-1980's to be greater than 3.5 solar masses. This very clearly excludes a neutron star, which has a mass near 1.5 solar masses, even allowing for all known theoretical uncertainties. The best case for a black hole is probably V404 Cygni, whose compact star is at least 10 solar masses. With improved instrumentation, the pace of discovery has accelerated over the last five years or so, and the list of dynamically confirmed black hole binaries is growing rapidly.

What about all the Wormhole Stuff?

Unfortunately, worm holes are more science fiction than they are science fact. A wormhole is a theoretical opening in space-time that one could use to travel to far away places very quickly. The wormhole itself is two copies of the black hole geometry connected by a throat - the throat, or passageway, is called an Einstein-Rosen bridge. It has never been proved that worm holes exist and there is no experimental evidence for them, but it is fun to think about the possibilities their existence might create.

 

Can You Give Me Some More References?

There is quite a bit of black hole theory out there. For more information on it, try these books:

 

  1. Black Holes and Warped Spacetime - William J. Kaufmann, III
  2. Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos - Dennis Overbye
  3. Black Holes and Time Warps, Einstein's Outrageous Legacy - Kip S. Thorne
  4. The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes - S. Chandrasekhar
  5. Black Holes and Baby Universes and other Essays - Stephen Hawking
  6. Universe - William J. Kaufmann, III
  7. Black Holes and the Universe - Igor Novikov

 

 
 

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